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XII.4
Efficiency
The efficiency of a light source is simply the
fraction of electrical energy converted to light ,
i.e. watts of visible light produced for each watt
of electrical power with no concern about the
wavelength where the energy is being radiated.
For example, a 100 watt incandescent lamp
converts 7% of the electrical energy into light;
discharge lamps convert 25% to 40% into light .
The efficiency of a luminaire or fixture is the
percentage of the lamp lumens that actually
comes out of the fixture (See LUMINOUS
EFFICACY).
Efficiency of Ballast
The ratio of output power divided by input
power. A premium ballast would have an
electrical efficiency greater than 90%. The
efficiency of a luminaire or fixture is the
percentage of the lamp lumens that actually
comes out of the fixture.
e-HID ballast
(see ELECTRONIC HID BALLAST).
ELC (European Lamp Companies Federation)
Created in 1985, the European Lamp
Companies Federation (ELC) is both the forum
and the voice of the lamp industry in Europe.
It represents the leading European lamp
manufacturers, which collectively directly
employ 50,000 people, and account for 95
percent of total European production, with
an annual turnover in Europe of €5 billion.
From the outset , ELC objectives have been
to promote efficient lighting practice for a
sustainable environment and the advancement
of human comfort , health and safety. To this
end, ELC monitors, advises and co-operates
with legislative bodies in developing European
Directives and Regulations relevant to the
European lamp industry.
Electrical Discharge
A condition under which a gas becomes
electrically conducting and becomes capable
of transmitting current , usually accompanied
by the emission of visible and other radiation.
An electric spark in air is an example of an
electrical discharge, as is a welder’s arc and
a lightning bolt . (See ARC, ELECTRODELESS
LAMPS)
Electrical Testing Laboratory (ETL)
Independent testing laboratory that performs
ballast tests and certifies accuracy of
performance data.
Electrode
Any metal terminal emitting or collecting
charged particles, typically inside the chamber
of a gas discharge lamp. In a fluorescent lamp,
the electrodes are typically metal filaments
coated with special powders called emission
mix. Negatively charged free electrons emitted
by one electrode are attracted to the positive
electrode (anode), creating an electric current
and arc between electrodes.
Electrodeless Lamps
Light sources where the discharge occurs in
a chamber with no electrodes (no metal). The
energy for the discharge is supplied by radio
frequency excitation, e.g. microwaves (See
GENURA).
Electromagnetic Ballast
(See MAGENTIC BALLASTS).
Electromagnetic Inference (EMI)
High frequency electronic ballasts and other
electronic devices can produce a small amount
of radio waves which can interfere with radio
and TV. Federal mandated requirements must
be met for EMI levels before an electronic device
is considered FCC compliant (US). (FCC is the
Federal Communications Commission).
Electromagnetic Spectrum
A continuum of electric and magnetic radiation
that can be characterized by wavelength or
frequency. Visible light encompasses a small
part of the electromagnetic spectrum in the
region from about 380 nanometers (violet) to
770 nanometers (red) by wavelength.
Electronic Ballast
A short name for a fluorescent high frequency
electronic ballast . Electronic ballasts use solid
state electronic components and typically
operate fluorescent lamps at frequencies
in the range of 25-35 kHz. The benefits are:
increased lamp efficacy, reduced ballast
losses and lighter, smaller ballasts compared
to electromagnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts
may also be used with HID (high intensity
discharge) lamps (See ELECTROMAGNETIC
BALLAST).
Electronic HID Ballast
An electronic ballast capable of operating
an HID lamp. GE’s UltraMax® (electronic HID
ballast) operates PulseArc® (metal halide) and
CMH (ceramic metal halide) lamps between
250W and 400W and provides higher efficiency
and significantly improved lumen maintenance
over magnetic ballasts.
Elliptical Reflector (ER) Lamp
An incandescent lamp with a built-in elliptically-
shaped reflecting surface. This shape produces
a focal point directly in front of the lamp which
reduces the light absorption in some types
of luminaires . It is particularly effective at
increasing the efficacy of baffled downlights.
Enclosed Fixtures
(See OPEN FIXTURE RATED)
Energy Policy Act (EPACT)
Comprehensive energy legislation passed by
the U. S. Congress in 1992. The lighting portion
includes lamp labeling and minimum energy
efficacy (lumens/watt) requirements for many
commonly used incandescent and fluorescent
lamp types. Federal Canadian legislation sets
similar minimum energy efficacy requirements
for incandescent reflector lamps and common
linear fluorescent lamps.
Energy Policy Act (EPACT) Indicator
Means this lamp is Federally regulated for
Energy Efficiency (US) (See ENERGY POLICY ACT).
EoL (End-of-Life Protection)
A circuit that senses that a lamp has reached
end of life (compact fluorescent lamps and
small diameter linear fluorescent lamps) and
turns off power to the lamp. Continuing to
power the lamp beyond end of life can result in
overheating of the lamp ends.
Energy-Using Products (EuP)
The EuP Directive establishes a framework
for the setting of eco-design requirements
for energy-using products. It aims to improve
the environmental performance of products
throughout the life-cycle, by systematic
integration of environmental aspects at a very
early stage in the product design.
Eye Sensitivity
A curve depicting the sensitivity of the human eye
as a function of wavelength (or colour). The peak
of human eye sensitivity is in the yellow-green
region of the spectrum. The normal curve refers to
photopic vision or the response of the cones. (See
Photopic, Scotopic, Fovea, Foveal vision)